A/RES/70/303 (2015), United Nations General Assembly, Seventieth session Item 73 (b): Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
A/RES/70/169 (2106), United Nations General Assembly, Seventieth session Item 72 (b): The human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation.
S/RES/2396 (2017), United Nations Security Council, 8148th meeting, resolution on threats to international peace and security caused by returning foreign terrorist fighters.
Agamben, G, (1998), Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press.
Agamben, G, (1999), Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive, translated by Daniel Heller-Roazen, New York, Zone Books.
Agamben, G, (2000), Means Without End. Notes on Politics, Translated by V. Binetti and C. Casarino, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Agamben, G, (2005a), State of Exception, Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press.
Agamben, G, (2005b), The Time That Remains: A Commentary on the Letter to the Romans, Stanford, Calif, Stanford University Press.
Aljazeera (2020), "Germany, Finland repatriate women and children from Syria camps", Retrieved 27/3/2022, Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/20/germany-finland-to-repatriate-women-children-from-syria.
Aljazeera, (2021), "Germany and Denmark repatriate women, children from Syria camp", Retrieved 28/1/2022, Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/7/germany-denmark-repatriates-women-children-from-syria-camp.
Amnesty International, (2022), "Syria: Fatal shooting of a child in al-Hol camp must be a call to international action", Retrieved 3/3/2022, Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/02/syria-fatal-shooting-of-a-child-in-al-hol-camp-must-be-a-call-to-international-action/.
Amnesty International, (2018), "THE CONDEMNED WOMEN AND CHILDREN ISOLATED, TRAPPED AND EXPLOITED IN IRAQ", amnesty.org.
Amnesty International, (2021), "Governments must stop flouting their international human rights obligations to uphold these children’s right to life, survival and development and promptly repatriate them as a matter of urgency", Retrieved 8/2/2022 Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/11/syria-repatriate-at-least-27000-children-held-in-dire-conditions-in-north-east-syria/.
Annamaneni, K, (2020), "For ISIS Children, Returning Home to Europe Meets Resistance", Retrieved 9/2/2022 Available at:
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/15/world/europe/isis-children-belgium.html.
Arabnews, (2019), "Barely alive after Daesh, Syrian babies haunted by malnutrition", Retrieved 12/3/2022Available at:
Babef, C, (2022), "French delegation calls for ’emergency’ repatriation of children in Syria as winter nears" Retrieved 21/4/2022, Available at:
https://www.euractiv.com/section/non-discrimination/news/french-delegation-calls-for-emergency-repatriation-of-children-in-syria-as-winter-nears/.
Birnbaum, M, (2019), "Their parents joined ISIS. They were raised in the caliphate. Can they come home?", Retrieved 18/3/2022, Available at:
Broches, E, (2020), "What Is Happening With the Foreign Women and Children in SDF Custody in Syria?", Retrieved 23/3/2022, Available at: https://www.lawfareblog.com/what-happening-foreign-women-and-children-sdf-custody-syria.
Choudhury, T, (2017), The Radicalisation of Citizenship Deprivation, Critical Social Policy, 37 (2), 225–244.
Commissioner for Human Rights, (2021), "SPEECH", Retrieved: 1/1/2022, Available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/speeches/children-rights/.
Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, (2021), "Third party intervention by the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights before the European Court of Human Rights, Applications Nos. 24384/19 and 44234/20 H.F. and M.F. v. France and J.D. and A.D. v. France", Retrieved: 9/1/2022. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/third-party-intervention-by-the-council-of-europe-commissioner-for-hum/1680a31834.
CRC, (1989), "Convention on the Rights of the Child", Retrieved 2/3/2022, Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx.
Crisisgroup, (2020), "Virus Fears Spread at Camps for ISIS Families in Syria’s North East", Retrieved 29/1/2022, Available at: https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/eastern-mediterranean/syria/virus-fears-spread-camps-isis-families-syrias-north-east#.
Deif, f, (2021), "Canadians Stuck in Syria Camps Struggle to Survive", Retrieved 15/4/2022, Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/25/canadians-stuck-syria-camps-struggle-survive.
Duffy, H, (2021), "Communications No. 79/2019 and 109/2019 L.H. et al v. France and 77/2019 F.B. et al v. France", Available at: Leiden Children's Rights Observatory: Retrieved 17/3/2022, https://www.childrensrightsobservatory.nl/case-notes/casenote2021-3.
Dutchnews, (2022), "Dutch bring back five women and 11 children from Syria: NOS", Available at: https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2022/02/dutch-bring-back-five-women-and-11-children-from-syria-nos/.
Egmontinstitute, (2019), "New figures on European nationals detained in Syria and Iraq", Retrieved 5/4/2022, Available at: https://www.egmontinstitute.be/new-figures-on-european-nationals-detained-in-syria-and-iraq/.
European Court of Human Rights, (2001), "BANKOVIĆ AND OTHERS v. BELGIUM AND OTHERS", Retrieved 1/4/2022, Available at: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-22099.
Federal Ministry of Justice, (2020), "Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany" Retrieved 12/1/2022, Available at: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/.
france24, (2015), "France seeks global coalition in renewed fight against IS", Retrieved 1/3/2022, Available at: https://www.france24.com/en/20151114-live-blog-string-deadly-shootings-rock-paris.
france24, (2019), "Denmark to deprive jihadists' children of citizenship", Retrieved 3/4/2022, Available at: https://www.france24.com/en/20190328-denmark-deprive-jihadists-children-citizenship.
Funnell, W., Antonelli, V., Bigoni, M., Cafaro, E. M., & D’Alessio, R, (2021), Accounting for Jewish Bare Life in the Fossoli Concentration Camp, 1943–44. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, DOI:10.1016/j.cpa.2021.102323.
Gibney, M, (2013), Should Citizenship Be Conditional? The Ethics of Denationalisation", The Journal of Politics 75 (3), 646–658.
Government Offices of Sweden, (2021), "Communication From Special Procedures, AL SWE1/2021", Retrieved 7/3/2022, Available at: https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadFile?gId=36098.
Hall, R, (2019), "Children of British Isis members will not be allowed to return to UK, Retrieved 9/4/2022, Available at: “government rules, independent", at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/isis-children-syria-shamima-begum-al-hol-terrorism-immigration-a9054306.html.
Hofstee, G, (2020), "The Debate around Returning Foreign Fighters in the Netherlands", Retrieved 19/2/2022, Available at: https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/debate-around-returning-foreign-fighters-netherlands-24665#n1.
Home Office, (2021), "Suitability: non-conducive grounds for refusal or cancellation of entry clearance or permission", Retrieved 8/1/2022, Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment
Hope, A, (2019), "No automatic right of return for widows and orphans of dead Syria fighters, rules court of appeal: .brusselstimes", Retrieved 29/3/2022, Available at: https://www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/belgium-all-news/54061/no-automatic-right-of-return-for-widows-and-orphans-of-dead-syria-fighters-rules-court-of-appeal.
HRW, (2018), "Syria: Thousands of Displaced Confined to Camps", Retrieved 21/2/2022, Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/01/syria-thousands-displaced-confined-camps.
HRW, (2019), "Syria: Dire Conditions for ISIS Suspects’ Families", Retrieved 25/3/2022, Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/23/syria-dire-conditions-isis-suspects-families.
HRW, (2020), "Bring Me Back to Canada", Retrieved 19/3/2022, Available at: https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/06/29/bring-me-back-canada/plight-canadians-held-northeast-syria-alleged-isis-links#_ftn232.
HRW, (2021a), "Thousands of Foreigners Unlawfully Held in NE Syria", Retrieved 11/2/2022, Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/23/thousands-foreigners-unlawfully-held-ne-syria#:~:text=Nearly%2043%2C000%20foreign%20men%2C%20women,consent%20of%20their%20countries%20of.
HRW, (2021b), "Thousands of Foreigners Unlawfully Held in NE Syria", Retrieved 28/1/2022, Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/23/thousands-foreigners-unlawfully-held-ne-syria.
Human Rights Committee, (2013), "CCPR/C/108/D/2094/2011 Communication No. 2094/2011, Views adopted by the Committee at its 108th session (8 – 26 July 2013)"
Human Rights Committee, (2018), "Advance unedited version, CCPR/C/GC/36: General comment No. 36 (2018) on article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on the right to life", Retrieved 25/2/2022, Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/1_Global/CCPR_C_GC_36_8785_E.pdf.
ICCPR, (1966), "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Retrieved 2/ 1/2022. At: https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx.
ICJ, (1955), "Affaire Nottebohm Case", Retrieved 28/3/2022, Available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/18/018-19550406-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf.
International Rescue Committee, (2019), "Data analyzed by the IRC reveals staggering health and humanitarian needs of children in Al Hol camp, Northeast Syria - urging repatriation of foreign children", Retrieved 8/2/2022, Available at: https://www.rescue.org/press-release/data-analyzed-irc-reveals-staggering-health-and-humanitarian-needs-children-al-hol.
Karahamad, M, (2022), "A Guantánamo in Syria for European Jihadists is not a Solution", Retrieved 23/4/2022, Available at: https://blog.prif.org/2022/02/07/a-guantanamo-in-syria-for-european-jihadists-is-not-a-solution/.
Manch, Th, (2021), "Islamic State-affiliate Suhayra Aden's family moved to New Zealand after Australia refused to accept her", Retrieved 19/1/2022, Available at: https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/126144903/islamic-stateaffiliate-suhayra-adens-family-moved-to-new-zealand-after-australia-refused-to-accept-her.
McLoughlin, D, (2015), On Political and Economic Theology: Agamben, Peterson, and Aristotle, Angelaki, 53–69.
MEE, (2021), "Marie Dosé: First French national dies in Syrian detention camp due to health complications", Retrieved 1/5/2022, Available at: https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syria-camps-french-national-first-dies-health-complications.
Mehra, T & Wentworth, M, (2021), "New Kid on the Block: Prosecution of ISIS Fighters by the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, International Centre for Counter-Terrorism", Retrieved 4/4/2022, Available at: https://icct.nl/publication/prosecution-of-isis-fighters-by-autonomous-administration-of-north-east-syria/.
Mobini Kesheh, Z., Taleihur, R, (2021), Children of ISIS and International Security, "National Security", 11(39), 431-466. (In Persian)
News.Un, (2020), "Syria: Humanitarians ‘very concerned’ for thousands still living in Al Hol camp", Available at:https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1075632.
News.Un, (2021), "UN launches initiative to support returnees trapped in Syria camps", Retrieved 24/3/2022, Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/09/1101652.
News.Un, (2022), "France violated rights of French children detained in Syrian camps", Retrieved 10/3/2022: Available at: https://translate.google.com/?hl=fa&sl=auto&tl=fa&text=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2022%2F02%2F1112682%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520cases%2520concern%2Cvery%2520young%2520age.%25C2%25A0&op=translate.
Ní Aoláin, F, (2021), "Position of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism on the human rights of adolescents/juveniles being detained in North-East Syria", Retrieved 11/3/2022, Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Terrorism/SR/UNSRCT_Position_human-rights-of-boys-adolescents-2021_final.pdf.
Nyamutata, C, (2020), Young Terrorists or Child Soldiers? ISIS Children, International Law and Victimhood, Journal of Conflict & Security Law, 1–25.
OHCHR, (2019), "The Right to Adequate Food", Retrieved 8/3/2022, Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet34en.pdf.
Ohchr, (2019), "Submission by the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism and the UN Special Rapporteur on arbitrary, summary and extra-judicial executions in the case of H.F. and M.F. v. France (Application no. 24384/19) before the European Court of Human Right, Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Terrorism/SR/Final-Amicus_Brief_SRCT_SRSsummex.pdf.
Ohchr, (2020), "Extra-territorial jurisdiction of States over children and their guardians in camps, prisons, or elsewhere in the northern Syrian Arab Republic" Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Executions/UNSRsPublicJurisdictionAnalysis2020.pdf.
Ohchr, (2021), "Syria: UN experts urge 57 States to repatriate women and children from squalid camps", Retrieved 1/2/2022, Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2021/02/syria-un-experts-urge-57-states-repatriate-women-and-children-squalid-camps?LangID=E&NewsID=26730.
Osifchin, C, (2021), The Right of Return: The ISIS Bride, American University National Security Law Brief, 03-111.
Parliamentary Assembly, (2020), "International obligations concerning the repatriation of children from war and conflict zones", retrieved 19/4/2022, Available at: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=28581&lang=en.
Pélabay, J., R. Senac, R, (2019), Citizenship Revocation: A Stress Test for Liberal Democracy, Citizenship Studies, 23(4), 388–405.
Perper, R, (2019), "Turkey doesn't want to hold onto foreign ISIS fighters but neither does the rest of the world. So where will they go?", Retrieved 9/1/2022, Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/what-will-happen-to-the-foreign-isis-fighters-in-syria-2019-11?r=US&IR=T.
Phillips, R, (2021), "A Tribunal for ISIS Fighters – A National Security and Human Rights Emergency", Retrieved 1/3/2022, Available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/75544/a-tribunal-for-isis-fighters-a-national-security-and-human-rights-emergency/.
Popoviciu, A, (2021), "Syria war: British children and women 'abandoned to torture and death' in IS camps", at: Middle East Eye, Retrieved 2/3/2022, Available at: https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syria-uk-children-women-abandoned-torture-risk-death-camps.
Qorashi, Y., Ahmadnejad, F. (2018). Woman as victim and terrorist: A reflection on the reasons for joining European women to ISIS. Political Science Quarterly, 14(43), 107-132. (In Persian)
Rechtspraak, (2019b), "ECLI: L:GHDHA:2019:3208", Available at: https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:GHDHA:2019:3208.
Rigotti, C & Barboza, J, (2022), "Union and its member States are addressing the return of foreign fighters and their families", Available at: https://international-review.icrc.org/articles/unfolding-the-case-of-returnees-eu-and-member-states-return-of-foreign-fighters-916.
Rechtspraak, (2019a), "De rechter kan de Staat niet verplichten Nederlandse IS-vrouwen en kinderen uit Syrië terug te halen", Retrieved 22/3/2022, Available at: https://www.rechtspraak.nl/Organisatie-en-contact/Organisatie/Gerechtshoven/Gerechtshof-Den-Haag/Nieuws/Paginas/De-rechter-kan-de-Staat-niet-verplichten-Nederlandse-ISvrouwen-en-kinderen-uit-Syrie-terug-te-halen.aspx.
Right & Security, (2021a), "Dehumanising rights violations against children and women in northeast Syria", Retrieved 10/2/2022, Available at: https://www.rightsandsecurity.org/impact/entry/abandoned-to-torture-dehumanising-rights-violations-against-children-and-women-in-northeast-syria.
Saad, N, (2020), The Al Hol camp in Northeast Syria: health and humanitarian challenges, BMJ Global Health, 1-3.
Sardarnia, KH & Safizadeh, R. (2018). Reappraisal of Women's Status in ISIS’s Violent Gender Discourse. Political Strategic Studies, 7(26), 141-162. (In Persian)
Saleh, J, (2021), "Women and children in the al-Hol Camp are conducting ISIS operations and perpetuating ISIS's ideology", Available at: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/women-isis-and-al-hol-camp.
SANCHA, N, (2021), "The transformation of ISIS women in Syria’s Al Roj camp", Available at: https://english.elpais.com/international/2021-03-26/the-transformation-of-isis-women-in-syrias-al-roj-camp.html.
Save the children, (2020), "SYRIA: Child Death Rate Triples in Al-Hol Camp as Medical Access Deteriorates", Retrieved 10/3/2022, Available at: https://www.savethechildren.org/us/about-us/media-and-news/2020-press-releases/syria-child-death-rate-triples-al-hol-camp-medical-access-deteriorates.
Save the children, (2021), "WHEN AM I GOING TO START TO LIVE?" Available at https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/pdf/when_am_i_going_to_start_to_live_final_0.pdf/.
Sisk, R, (2020), "COVID-19 Has Hit Syria's Biggest ISIS Prison Camp, US General Says", Retrieved 10/3/2022, Available at: https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/08/13/covid-19-has-hit-syrias-biggest-isis-prison-camp-us-general-says.html.
Sivenbring, J, (2021), A European Guantanamo for Swedish children in Syria? A media analysis on the narrative of repatriation", CRITICAL STUDIES ON TERRORISM, 536–554.
Stone, M, (2021), "Notorious al Hol camp to oust ISIS elements" Retrieved 21/3/2022, Available at: https://news.sky.com/story/syria-security-forces-move-into-notorious-al-hol-camp-to-oust-isis-elements-12259193.
Tayler, L, (2021), "Foreign ISIS Suspects, Families: Why a Single “R” Word Matters at the UN": Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/17/foreign-isis-suspects-families-why-single-r-word-matters-un.
Thwaites, R, (2014), The Security of Citizenship? Finnis in the Context of the United Kingdom’s Citizenship Stripping Provisions. In Allegiance and Identity in a Globalised World, edited by F. Jenkins, M. Nolan, and K. Rubenstein, 243–266, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
UDHR, (1948), (Retrieved 26/1/2022), Available at: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights.
UN Human Rights Special Procedures, (2020), "Extra-territorial jurisdiction of States over children and their guardians in camps, prisons, or elsewhere in the northern Syrian Arab Republic", Retrieved 13/3/2022, Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Executions/UNSRsPublicJurisdictionAnalysis2020.pdf.
UNCRC, (2022), "France violated rights of French children detained in Syria by failing to repatriate them, UN committee finds", Retrieved 12/2/2022, Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=28152&LangID=E.
UNICEF, (2019), "Protect the rights of children of foreign fighters stranded in Syria and Iraq", Retrieved 14/1/2022, Available at: https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/protect-rights-children-foreign-fighters-stranded-syria-and-iraq.
UNICEF, (2021), "Reaching one-fifth of AlHol camp residents with safe drinking water", Retrieved 2/1/2022, Available at: https://www.unicef.org/syria/stories/reaching-one-fifth-alhol-camp-residents-safe-drinking-water.
United Nations, (2014), Security Council, Resolution 2178 (2014) france24, (2021), "France repatriates seven children from jihadist camp in Syria", Retrieved 27/3/2022, Available at: https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20210113 france-repatriates-seven-children-from-jihadist-camp-in-syria.
Unodc, (2021), "FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS", Retrieved 2/3/2022, Available at: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/terrorism/expertise/foreign-terrorist-fighters.html.
Wijk, M, (2020), Citizenship Deprivation as a Counterterrorism Measure in Europe; Possible Follow-Up Scenarios, Human Rights Infringements and the Effect on Counterterrorism", European Journal of Migration and Law, 338–365.
Zedner, L, (2019), Curtailing Citizenship Rights as Counterterrorism. In Security and Human Rights, edited by B. Goold and L. Lazarus, (pp99–124), Oxford, Hart Publishing.